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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission File Number 001-37383

Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

(214) 974-8921

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No 

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2022, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $21,027,600 (based on the closing price of $40.00 on June 30, 2022 on the NASDAQ Capital Market).

As of March 23, 2023, the registrant had 857,572 shares of common stock outstanding, $0.001 par value per share.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

“Arcadia,” the “Company,” "management," “we,” “our” and “us” are used interchangeably to refer to Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events, our future financial or operating performance, growth strategies, anticipated trends in our industry, and our potential opportunities, plans, and objectives. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as "may," "will," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "could," "intends," "target," "projects," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," or "continue" or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described in the section titled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR FORM 10-K

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

We are a producer and marketer of innovative, plant-based food and beverage products. Our history as a leader in science-based approaches to developing high value crop improvements, primarily in wheat, designed to enhance farm economics by improving the performance of crops in the field, as well as their value as food ingredients, has laid the foundation for our path forward. We have used non-genetically modified (“non-GMO”) advanced breeding techniques to develop these proprietary innovations which we are now commercializing through the sales of seed and grain, food ingredients and products, trait licensing and royalty agreements. The acquisition of the assets of Live Zola, LLC (“Zola”) added coconut water to our portfolio of products.

Our commercial strategy is to satisfy consumer nutrition demands with the superior functional benefits our crops deliver directly from the farm, enabling us to share premium economics throughout the ag-food supply chain and to build a world-class estate of high value traits and varieties. The acquisition of the Zola brand allows us to broaden our reach within the beverage sector.

Our Growth Strategy

We believe there are significant opportunities to grow our business by executing the following elements of our strategy:

Arcadia Wellness, LLC

In May 2021, our wholly owned subsidiary Arcadia Wellness, LLC (“Arcadia Wellness” or “AW”), acquired the businesses of Eko, Lief, and Zola. The acquisition included consumer CBD brands like Soul Spring™, a CBD-infused botanical therapy brand in the natural category, Saavy Naturals™, a line of natural body care products and ProVault™, a CBD-infused sports performance formula made with natural ingredients, providing effective support and recovery for athletes. Also included in the purchase is Zola, a coconut water sourced exclusively with sustainably grown coconuts from Thailand. On July 8, 2022, the Company entered into an agreement to license Saavy Naturals™ to Radiance Beauty and Wellness, Inc. ("Radiance Beauty").

Our Product Portfolio

GoodWheat™ Consumer Products

In June 2022, we launched our GoodWheat pasta in five varieties – penne, spaghetti, fettuccine, elbows and rotini – in select retailers nationwide and on Amazon. Our pasta delivers 4 times the fiber of traditional wheat pasta with 9g

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of protein per serving and no sacrifice on taste. In fact, our research shows that GoodWheat pasta scores at parity on taste with leading wheat pasta competitors and significantly outscores market leading vegetable-based pastas. Made with only our USA farm grown wheat, GoodWheat pasta meets consumers’ preference for clean labels and transparent sourcing. And, in December of 2022, GoodWheat received the American Heart Association’s Heart-Check mark on all of our pasta products. With its high fiber, lower sodium and zero saturated fat, GoodWheat meets the criteria for a heart-healthy pasta and provides consumers with a better-for-you option that delivers superior nutrition with the taste and texture of traditional pasta.
 

Most Americans suffer from a significant fiber deficiency. Less than 10 percent of women and less than 3 percent of men get enough fiber in their daily diets. The recommended daily value of fiber is 25g for women and children, and 38g for men according to the May 2021 Food and Health Survey by the International Food Information Council. One serving of GoodWheat Pasta gets your fiber closer to your daily need, delivering 8g of fiber, which accounts for 32 percent of the daily value of fiber needs for women and children, and 20 percent for men.
 

In 2023, we plan to expand the GoodWheat portfolio with the launch of innovative, new wheat-based products in additional categories, offering consumers more options to improve their fiber intake at multiple mealtimes throughout the day.

Zola Coconut Water

Zola is a pure, natural, 100% coconut water with a crisp, clean taste that’s lightly sweet and refreshing. Naturally hydrating and never from concentrate, Zola is Non-GMO Project Verified and only contains 60 calories per serving. In taste tests, Zola beats competitors 2 to 1 and is the best-tasting way to rehydrate, reset and reenergize.

CBD Body Care ProVault Topical Pain Relief

Our portfolio currently consists of two body care brands that both contain CBD. The first brand is ProVault, a muscle and joint pain relief product that is formulated with THC-free CBD isolate along with a proprietary blend of natural ingredients and fast-acting cooling agents. The second brand is SoulSpring, a CBD-infused line of bath and body products that includes nourishing botanicals and minerals.
 

The market for CBD products has been under pressure primarily due to regulatory uncertainty. Given our strategic focus on food and beverage products, we are currently in the process of exploring strategic alternatives for our body care brands.

GoodWheat™ Wheat Traits

Enhanced Quality Grains

The GoodWheat brand also encompasses our current and future non-GMO wheat portfolio of high fiber Resistant Starch ("RS"), Reduced Gluten ("RG") wheat varieties, and extended shelf life wheat, as well as future wheat innovations. We now hold more than 15 global patents on our high fiber RS wheat, protecting both bread wheat and durum (pasta) wheat. Claims granted recently strengthen our IP for our RS portfolio of products.

Our GoodWheat™ wheat traits redesign wheat as a functional food adding value to the wheat supply chain by enabling a wider range of choices to meet consumer demands. One such program generated multiple bread wheat and pasta wheat lines with very high levels of amylose, leading to increased levels of resistant starch. Resistant starch increases the total dietary fiber content of wheat and reduces its glycemic index, which are both desirable nutritional qualities that are important in the management of diabetes and healthy blood glucose levels. High fiber resistant starch wheat can deliver fiber and other benefits to refined white flour products and also whole grain food products. We believe improving the fiber content of wheat can deliver improved health benefits to a wide population.

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High Fiber RS Wheat

Our high fiber RS wheat provides a source of wheat with inherently high levels of resistant starch, increasing the total dietary fiber content of food products without the need for fiber additives from other sources. Currently, corn resistant starch is a product in two market segments: dietary fiber additives and modified starch additives. Major growth in these markets is being driven by the convenience health food sector and functional food sector. Flour from our RS wheat lines has resistant starch levels that are 12 to 20 times higher than the control wheat, and total dietary fiber, or TDF, which is more than eight times higher than the control. RS wheat flour has been tested in applications in bread, where loaf quality was comparable to bread made with conventional wheat flour, and pasta, where it had the highest consumer preference rankings in tests carried out by a major consumer products company.

RS wheat bread flour is currently being introduced to North American bakery and consumer packaged goods ("CPG") companies by our partners, Bay State Milling. In markets outside North America, RS wheat is currently being tested in a range of additional bakery, ready-to-eat cereals and pasta products with industrial partners. We have many RS wheat lines that are being evaluated for optimal quality and agronomic characteristics.

RG Wheat

Many consumers are interested in reducing levels of gluten in their diet. Critically, for some, this is due to having Celiac disease ("CD"), an autoimmune disease that impacts many people worldwide with estimates from 1% of the population in Europe to 3.5% in Mexico. Furthermore, non-celiac gluten sensitivity ("NCGS") impacts an estimated additional 6% of the population. Both CD and NCGS are characterized by sensitivity to dietary gluten. The only effective treatment of CD and NCGS requires removal of gluten sources from the diet. Since required adherence to a gluten-free diet is extremely difficult to accomplish for average consumers, efforts to develop alternative approaches are needed.

Arcadia is continuing to advance a new wheat variety with reduced gluten levels. Our proprietary, non-GMO wheat variety developed using advanced screening and plant breeding techniques have reduced allergenic glutens and increased essential amino acids such as lysine, along with all the other health benefits of high protein wheat. Importantly, this variety also delivers impressively high fiber content at approximately 14 grams per serving compared to 2-3 grams per serving of traditional wheat, providing additional value to health-conscious consumers as well as optionality as we advance the commercialization of this project. We are breeding the trait into additional commercial wheat varieties and working with food processors to give people a choice to enjoy higher quality wheat in the products they love while reducing gluten in their diet.

Improved Shelf Life of Whole Grain Flour

The United States Department of Agriculture recommends that “at least one serving of grains per day must be whole grain-rich” due to evidence that a diet containing whole grains provides a multitude of benefits, including lower risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type-2 diabetes. Despite these health benefits, consumption of whole grain products is negatively affected by the bitter and rancid flavors and odors that accumulate in whole wheat flour after milling. Our improved stability and flavor wheat lines greatly reduced the production of rancid and bitter compounds in milled whole grain flour as it progresses through the supply chain. Whole wheat flour from these lines is being tested further for sensory characteristics and improved shelf-life stability. This new trait could help improve the shelf life and flavor profile of whole grain products, thus reducing formulation costs and increasing consumer preference and palatability for whole grains.

Product Development

With our food, beverage and wellness products now entering the market, we are firmly in the commercialization phase of our corporate lifecycle. We are de-emphasizing new trait discovery research and development (“R&D”) and are increasing our focus on food-science innovation to fully leverage the value in our existing superior wheat genetics. We are evolving our organizational capabilities to match this strategy progression to include in-house food formulation and CPG supply chain expertise.

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Food Formulation Innovation. We will expand the application of our innovation platform to build on our pipeline of products focused on health and wellness. Our innovation team is focused on using science-based solutions to leverage our wheat and hemp varieties to develop an array of food products and wellness ingredients. Because we are innovating directly from our own well-established plant technology traits, we expect this extension of our involvement will provide more meaningful improvements.

Field Trials and Breeder & Foundation Seed Production. Our trait evaluation and development staff conducts field operations for both trials and production in American Falls, Idaho, and oversee production in other areas of the country, as needed. Similarly, regulatory trials may be needed to develop data for use in submissions for regulatory review and may involve plant varieties developed by our collaborators or our own oil quality and grain quality programs.

Biological Materials Inventory and Tracking. Our proprietary Pedigree and Inventory Management System, or PIMS, tracks the genetic, phenotypic and location information for all our plant materials. The performance of our plant materials is recorded through a variety of laboratory and field observations, and the data are stored within PIMS. The location of all plant materials is tracked throughout the plant life cycle. This includes specific seeds planted within a specific plot of a specific field trial, harvest, seed storage location and use by, or distribution of plant material to, our collaborators or elsewhere. We ensure all of our plant materials are accounted for, tracked and inventoried, which enables us to maintain direct control and proper documentation.

Intellectual Property

We rely on patents and other proprietary right protections, including trade secrets and contractual protection of our proprietary know-how and confidential information, to preserve our competitive position.

As of December 31, 2022, we owned or exclusively controlled 70 issued patents, 38 pending patent applications worldwide, and 6 plant variety protection certificates. These totals reflect the following: (i) with respect to the U.S. territory, we owned 23 and exclusively in-licensed 2 U.S. issued patents, and we owned 6 U.S. patent applications and 6 plant variety protection certificates relating to our plants, trait technologies, and business methods; and (ii) in connection with foreign territories, we owned 26 and exclusively in-licensed 19 foreign issued patents, and owned 32 pending foreign patent applications. As of December 31, 2022, our GoodWheat® portfolio included 12 U.S. issued patents, 6 U.S. patent applications, 1 plant variety certificate, 23 foreign issued patents and 25 foreign patent applications. With respect to all of the foregoing patent and plant protection assets, our exclusive licenses afford us control over the prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents and patent applications. These numbers do not include in-licensed patents for which we either do not have exclusive rights (such as certain enabling technology licenses), or for which we have exclusive rights only in a limited field of use or do not control prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents.

As of December 31, 2022, Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. and Arcadia Wellness, LLC had nine and eight registered trademarks in the United States, respectively. We also have eleven registered trademarks in various other countries.

Key Collaborations

We have established numerous trait collaborations and have developed close relationships with industry-leading seed and consumer product companies. Our partnerships with global strategic seed and consumer product players enable us to further participate in the development and commercialization of innovative products that promise to play significant roles in improving global crop efficiency and enhancing human health. We believe that the expertise and opportunities created by these collaborations represent important assets to our business. Below is a summary of selected collaborative partnerships that we view as key to the achievement of our near-term and mid-term business objectives.

Corteva Agriscience

In 2017, we entered into a strategic collaboration with Corteva Agriscience to jointly develop and commercialize a breakthrough improved wheat quality trait in North America. The collaboration leverages our TILLING platform

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with Corteva Agriscience’s enabling technology platforms, high-quality elite germplasm and global commercial channels.

Under the collaboration, the companies will further develop and commercialize an improved wheat quality trait, which has completed initial field trials and is advancing to next-stage field trials. Corteva Agriscience will introgress Arcadia’s trait into its proprietary elite germplasm lines and manage all aspects related to the trait commercialization. Certain development costs will be co-funded, and we will share in the commercial value resulting from products produced.

Arista Cereal Seeds Pty Ltd and Bay State Milling Company

In 2019, we entered into an agreement with Arista and Bay State Milling ("BSM"). Under the agreement, BSM is the exclusive commercial partner for our high fiber resistant starch bread wheat in North America under its HealthSense™ brand portfolio, while Arista has exclusive rights under our high fiber resistant starch bread wheat intellectual property in certain geographies, including Australia and Europe. We will continue to market our high fiber wheat under our GoodWheat portfolio of specialty wheat ingredients in other international markets.

Competition

The markets for consumer goods are highly competitive, and we face significant direct and indirect competition in several aspects of our business. We compete with both large, established manufacturers, as well as small, innovative producers of pasta and beverage products. There are several companies working to improve genetics in crops, such as wheat, that may compete with the trait used in our GoodWheat products.

In general, we believe that our competitors generally fall into the following categories:

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Employees

As of December 31, 2022, we had 30 employees with 17 in management, operations, commercial production, accounting/finance, legal and administration. We believe our employee relations to be good. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or collective bargaining agreement.

Diversity and Inclusion

At Arcadia, we recognize the immense benefits that a diverse team brings to our organization, including delivering better business outcomes. Our talented people leverage their diverse backgrounds and skills toward a common goal: meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same. This spirit of inclusive collaboration can be felt throughout our Company. Our commitment to diversity begins at the highest levels of our organization, as evidenced by the fact that 43% of our Board of Directors are women. From a management perspective, 63% of our CEO's direct reports are women, racially or ethnically diverse, which we believe sets the right tone and expectation for diversity and inclusion within the Company. More broadly, 59% of our employees are women.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas with additional office space in Davis, California and additional facilities in American Falls, Idaho. We believe that our leased facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that, if needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.

Available Information

Our website address is www.arcadiabio.com. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, any amendments to those reports, proxy and registration statements filed or furnished with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, are available free of charge through our website. We make these materials available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish such materials to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Report.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this report on Form 10-K, including the section of this report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes. If any of the events described in the following risk factors and the risks described elsewhere in this report occurs, our business, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed. This report on Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors that are described below and elsewhere in this report.

Risks Related to Our Business

Unfavorable global economic or political conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A global financial crisis or a global or regional political disruption could cause extreme volatility in the capital and credit markets. For example, outbreaks of epidemic, pandemic, or contagious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could disrupt our business. Business disruptions could include disruptions to the productivity of our employees working remotely and restrictions on their travel may hinder their ability to meet with potential customers and close transactions, as well as temporary closures of the facilities of suppliers or contract growers in our supply chain. While we’ve seen signs of improvement, wheat consumer packaged goods companies have been heavily focused on production over R&D evaluation as demand for staples like pasta and flour have increased. In addition, the US financial markets have been negatively impacted by the rise of inflation and interest rates, and in March 2023, the government closure of Silicon Valley Bank, increasing the potential for a local and/or global economic recession that could disrupt our business. A political disruption could also strain our manufacturers or suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause our customers to delay making payments for our services. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the political or economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

We or our partners may not be successful in developing commercial products that incorporate our traits and for which there is consumer demand.

Our future growth depends on our ability to monetize the trait assets we’ve created by bringing products to market that incorporate our technology, as well as licensing these traits to our collaborators to develop and commercialize seeds and products that contain our traits. The development process could take longer than we anticipate or could ultimately fail to achieve commercial success for any of the following reasons, including but not limited to: non-competitive pricing, ineffective advertising and marketing campaigns, increased competition, failure to align with consumer tastes and lack of brand acceptance.

If products containing our traits are never commercialized or are not well-received in the marketplace, our ability to generate revenues and become profitable, as well as our long-term growth strategy, would be materially and adversely affected. Even if we or our collaborators are able to develop commercial products that incorporate our traits, any such products may not achieve commercial success as quickly as we project, or at all.

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We have a history of significant losses, which we expect to continue, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We have incurred significant net losses since our formation in 2002 and expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. We incurred net losses of $15.6 million and $16.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $257.9 million. Net cash used in operations was $14.0 million and $25.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect to continue to incur losses. Because we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant costs and expenses for these efforts before we obtain any incremental revenues from the sale of products incorporating our traits, our losses in future periods could be even more significant. In addition, we may find our development and commercialization efforts are more expensive than we anticipate or that they do not generate revenues in the time period we anticipate, which would further increase our losses. If we are unable to adequately control the costs associated with operating our business, including costs of development and commercialization of our traits, our business, financial condition, operating results, and prospects will suffer.

We may require additional financing and may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, if at all, which could force us to delay, reduce, or eliminate our research and development activities.

We will continue to need capital to fund our development projects, the commercialization of our products, and to provide working capital to fund other aspects of our business. If our capital resources are insufficient to meet our capital requirements, we will have to raise additional funds. If future financings involve the issuance of equity securities, our existing stockholders would suffer dilution. If we are able to raise debt financing, we may be subject to restrictive covenants that limit our operating flexibility. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, develop and commercialize products or technologies, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If this happens, we may be forced to delay or terminate research and development programs or the commercialization of products or curtail operations. If adequate funds are not available, we will not be able to successfully execute on our business strategy or continue our business.

Our gross profit margins on the products we’ve recently introduced containing our GoodWheat as an ingredient may be impacted by a variety of factors, including but not limited to, variations in raw materials and packaging pricing, customer requirements, market acceptance rate and promotional support costs.

We expect that our gross profit as a percentage of net sales could fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including product pricing, retail discounts, and the availability and cost of ingredients and packaging. In addition, our gross profit margin may be impacted by shifts in the overall mix of products having a higher or lower profit margin. If we are not able to increase our selling prices or reduce product sizes sufficiently, or in a timely manner, to offset increased raw material, packaging, or other input costs, or if our sales volume decreases significantly, there could be a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Should the rate of market acceptance of our products be slower than anticipated, we may incur additional expense by increasing promotional activities.

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Competition is intense and requires continuous technological development, and, if we are unable to compete effectively, our financial results will suffer.

We face significant competition in the markets in which we operate. The markets for pasta and coconut water products are intensely competitive and rapidly changing. In most segments of the seed and agricultural biotechnology market, the number of products available to consumers is steadily increasing as new products are introduced. At the same time, the expiration of patents covering existing products reduces the barriers to entry for competitors. We may be unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, which may result in price reductions, reduced margins and the inability to achieve market acceptance for products containing our traits. In addition, several of our competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, distribution, research and development, and technical resources than us, and some of our collaborators have more experience in research and development, regulatory matters, manufacturing, and marketing. We anticipate increased competition in the future as new companies enter the market and new technologies become available. Our technologies may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors, which will prevent or limit our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of our traits being developed.

We may seek to expand through acquisitions of and investments in other brands, businesses, and assets. These acquisition activities may be unsuccessful or divert management’s attention.

We may consider strategic and complementary acquisitions of and investments in other agricultural biotechnology and consumer brands, businesses or other assets, and such acquisitions or investments are subject to risks that could affect our business, including risks related to:

We may not be able to identify opportunities or complete transactions on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or actually realize any anticipated benefits from such acquisitions or investments. Similarly, we may not be able to obtain financing for acquisitions or investments on attractive terms. In addition, the success of any acquisitions or investments also will depend, in part, on our ability to integrate the acquisition or investment with our existing operations.

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We rely on third parties to conduct, monitor, support, and oversee field trials and commercial production and, in some cases, to maintain regulatory files for those products in development, and any performance issues by third parties, or our inability to engage third parties on acceptable terms, may impact our or our collaborators’ ability to complete the regulatory process for or commercialize such products.

We rely on third parties, including farmers, to conduct, monitor, support, and oversee field trials and commercial production. As a result, we have less control over the timing and cost of these activities than if we conducted them with our own personnel. If we are unable to maintain or enter into agreements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or if any such engagement is terminated prematurely, we may be unable to conduct and complete our trials and commercial production in the manner we anticipate. In addition, there is no guarantee that these third parties will devote adequate time and resources to our activities or perform as required by our contract or in accordance with regulatory requirements, including maintenance of field trial or production information. If these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, fail to transfer to us any regulatory or other information in a timely manner, fail to adhere to protocols, or fail to act in accordance with regulatory requirements or our agreements with them, or if they otherwise perform in a substandard manner or in a way that compromises the quality or accuracy of their activities or the data they obtain, then field trials and commercial production of our products in development may be extended or delayed with additional costs incurred, or our data may be rejected by the United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or other regulatory agencies. Ultimately, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our field trials and commercial production is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our responsibilities.

If our relationship with any of these third parties is terminated, we may be unable to enter into arrangements with alternative parties on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Switching or adding growers or other suppliers can involve substantial cost and require extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new farmer or other third party commences work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired development or commercial timelines. If we are required to seek alternative supply arrangements, the resulting delays and potential inability to find a suitable replacement could materially and adversely impact our business.

Most of our collaborators have significant resources and development capabilities and may develop their own products that compete with or negatively impact the advancement or sale of products containing our traits.

Most of our collaborators are significantly larger than us and may have substantially greater resources and development capabilities. As a result, we are subject to competition from many of our collaborators, who could develop or pursue competing products and traits that may ultimately prove more commercially viable than our traits. In addition, former collaborators, by virtue of having had access to our proprietary technology, may utilize this insight for their own development efforts, despite the fact that our collaboration agreements prohibit such use. The development or launch of a competing product by a collaborator may adversely affect the advancement and commercialization of any traits we develop and any associated research and development and milestone payments and value-sharing payments we receive from the sale of products containing our traits.

We depend on our key personnel and, if we are not able to attract and retain qualified technical and business personnel, we may not be able to grow our business or develop and commercialize our products.

Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of our management team and other key employees, the loss of whose services might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our technical or business objectives. The replacement of any member of our management team involves significant time and costs and such loss could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. A member of our leadership team who has been our employee for many years and therefore, has significant experience and understanding of our business, would be difficult to replace.

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Additionally, the majority of our workforce is involved in development and commercial activities. Our business is therefore dependent on our ability to recruit and maintain a highly skilled and educated workforce with expertise in a range of disciplines, including food innovation, supply chain management, agribusiness, marketing, and other subjects relevant to our operations. All of our current employees are at-will employees, and the failure to retain or hire skilled and highly educated personnel could limit our growth and hinder our research and development efforts.

We will be subject to a myriad of different laws and regulations governing hemp and our inability to comply with such laws in a cost-effective manner may have an adverse effect on our business and result of operations.
 

Laws and regulations governing the use of hemp in the United States are broad in scope, subject to evolving interpretations, and subject to enforcement by a myriad of regulatory agencies and law enforcement entities.

Federal and state laws and regulations on hemp may address production, monitoring, manufacturing, distribution, and laboratory testing to ensure that that the hemp has a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis. Federal laws and regulations may also address the transportation or shipment of hemp or hemp products. We may be subject to many different state-based regulations for hemp, all of which could require us to incur substantial costs associated with compliance requirements.

The Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") issued an interim final rule to codify statutory amendments to the controlled substances act made by the 2018 farm bill. It is possible that the DEA will make additional changes in a final rule that may have a material impact on our hemp business and our ability to operate.
 

The FDA has published guidance related to the CBD and hemp-extract business but has not formally released a regulatory framework for the industry. It is possible that the FDA will provide additional guidance or implement future regulations that may have a material impact on our hemp business.

In addition, it is possible that additional regulations may be enacted in the future in the United States and globally that will be directly applicable to our research and development operations. We cannot predict the nature of any future laws, regulations, interpretations, or applications, nor can we determine what effect additional governmental regulations or administrative policies and procedures, when and if promulgated, could have on our business.
 

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, flood, crop losses, epidemics, and other catastrophic natural events, and security breaches, including cybersecurity incidents.

Our seed and grain crops are vulnerable to adverse weather conditions, including windstorms, floods, drought and temperature extremes, which are common but difficult to predict. In addition, the crops are vulnerable to crop disease and to pests, which may vary in severity and effect, depending on the stage of production at the time of infection or infestation, the type of treatment applied and climatic conditions. Unfavorable growing conditions can reduce both crop size and quality. Weather conditions, disease or pest infestation could damage the crop in spite of precautions we would normally take to avoid such losses. We take precautions to safeguard our facilities, including insurance, health and safety protocols, and off-site storage of critical research results and computer data. However, a natural disaster, such as a fire, flood, or earthquake, could cause substantial delays in our operations, damage or destroy our equipment, inventory, or development projects, and cause us to incur additional expenses. The insurance we maintain against natural disasters may not be adequate to cover our losses in any particular case.

We utilize and critically rely upon information technology systems in all aspects of our business, including increasingly large amounts of data to support our products and advance our research and development. Failure to effectively prevent, detect, and recover from the increasing number and sophistication of information security threats could result in theft, misuse, modification, and destruction of information, including trade secrets and confidential business information, and cause business disruptions, delays in research and development, and reputational damage, which could significantly affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Our use of hazardous materials exposes us to potential liabilities.

Certain of our operations involve the storage and controlled use of hazardous materials, including laboratory chemicals, herbicides, and pesticides. This requires us to conduct our operations in compliance with applicable environmental and safety standards, and we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination from hazardous materials. In the event of such contamination, we may be held liable for significant damages or fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Most of the licenses we grant to our collaborators to use our proprietary genes in certain crops are exclusive within certain jurisdictions, which limits our licensing opportunities.

Most of the licenses we grant our collaborators to use our proprietary genes in certain crops are exclusive within specified jurisdictions, so long as our collaborators comply with certain diligence requirements. This means that once genes are licensed to a collaborator in a specified crop or crops, we are generally prohibited from licensing those genes to any third party. The limitations imposed by these exclusive licenses could prevent us from expanding our business and increasing our product development initiatives with new collaborators, both of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our commercial success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies and on the ability to operate without infringing the patents and other proprietary rights of third parties.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection both in the United States and in other countries for any products we successfully develop. The patents and patent applications in our patent portfolio are either owned by us, exclusively licensed to us, or co-owned by us and others and exclusively licensed to us. Our ability to protect any products we successfully develop from unauthorized or infringing use by third parties depends substantially on our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents. Due to evolving legal standards relating to the patentability, validity and enforceability of patents covering biotechnology inventions and the scope of claims made under these patents, our ability to obtain and enforce patents is uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions. Accordingly, rights under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection for any products we successfully develop or provide sufficient protection to afford us a commercial advantage against our competitors or their competitive products or processes. In addition, we cannot guarantee that any patents will be issued from any pending or future patent applications owned by or licensed to us. Even if patents have been issued or will be issued, we cannot guarantee that the claims of these patents are, or will be, valid or enforceable, or provide us with any significant protection against competitive products or otherwise be commercially valuable to us.

The U.S. Congress passed the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, which was signed into law in September 2011. The America Invents Act reforms U.S. patent law in part by changing the standard for patent approval from a “first to invent” standard to a “first inventor to file” standard and developing a post-grant review system. This new legislation affects U.S. patent law in a manner that may impact our ability to obtain or maintain patent protection for current or future inventions in the U.S. or otherwise cause uncertainty as to our patent protection.

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We may not have identified all patents, published applications or published literature that may affect our business, either by blocking our ability to commercialize our traits, by preventing the patentability of our traits by us, our licensors or co-owners, or by covering the same or similar technologies that may invalidate our patents, limiting the scope of our future patent claims or adversely affecting our ability to market our products. For example, patent applications are maintained in confidence for at least 18 months after their filing. In some cases, patent applications remain confidential in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) for the entire time prior to issuance of a U.S. patent. Patent applications filed in countries outside the United States are not typically published until at least 18 months from their first filing date. Similarly, publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors or co-owners were the first to invent, or the first inventors to file, patent applications on our processes, products or their uses. In the event that another party has filed a U.S. patent application covering the same invention as one of our patent applications or patents, we may have to participate in an adversarial proceeding, known as an interference, declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention in the United States.

If we or one of our collaborators are sued for infringing the intellectual property rights of a third party, such litigation could be costly and time consuming and could prevent us or our collaborators from developing or commercializing our products.

Our ability to generate significant revenues from our products depends on our and our collaborators’ ability to develop, market and sell our products and utilize our proprietary technology without infringing the intellectual property and other rights of any third parties. In the United States and abroad there are numerous third-party patents and patent applications that may be applied toward our proprietary technology, business processes, or developed traits, some of which may be construed as containing claims that cover the subject matter of our products or intellectual property. Because of the rapid pace of technological change, the confidentiality of patent applications in some jurisdictions (including U.S. provisional patent applications), and the fact that patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications that are unknown to us that may later result in issued patents upon which our products in development or proprietary technologies infringe. Similarly, there may be issued patents relevant to our products in development of which we are not aware. These patents could reduce the value of the traits we develop or the plants containing our traits or, to the extent they cover key technologies on which we have unknowingly relied, require that we seek to obtain licenses or cease using the technology, no matter how valuable to our business. We may not be able to obtain such a license on commercially reasonable terms. If any third-party patent or patent application covers our intellectual property or proprietary rights and we are not able to obtain a license to it, we and our collaborators may be prevented from commercializing products containing our traits.

As the agricultural biotechnology industry continues to develop, we may become party to, or threatened with, litigation or other adverse proceedings regarding intellectual property or proprietary rights in our technology, processes, or developed traits. Third parties may assert claims based on existing or future intellectual property rights and the outcome of any proceedings is subject to uncertainties that cannot be adequately quantified in advance. Any litigation proceedings could be costly and time consuming, and negative outcomes could result in liability for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. There is also no guarantee that we would be able to obtain a license under such infringed intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms or at all. A finding of infringement could prevent us or our collaborators from developing, marketing or selling a product or force us to cease some or all of our business operations. Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel may be diverted as a result of these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could similarly have a negative impact on our business.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to uphold and enforce patents or patent applications owned or co-owned by us or licensed to us, which cover products we successfully develop. Proceedings involving our patents or patent applications could result in adverse decisions regarding:

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Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and divert management’s time and attention in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.

Our products and products in development are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Exports of our products and technology must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

In addition, changes in our products or solutions or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction and sale of our products and solutions in international markets, prevent our customers from deploying our products and solutions or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and solutions to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws and regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such laws and regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products and solutions, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products and solutions to existing or potential customers. Any decreased use of our products and solutions or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products and solutions would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse outcomes in future legal proceedings could subject us to substantial damages and adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

We may become party to legal proceedings, including matters involving personnel and employment issues, personal injury, environmental matters, and other proceedings. Some of these potential proceedings could result in substantial damages or payment awards that exceed our insurance coverage. We will estimate our exposure to any future legal proceedings and establish provisions for the estimated liabilities where it is reasonably possible to estimate and where an adverse outcome is probable. Assessing and predicting the outcome of these matters will involve substantial uncertainties. Furthermore, even if the outcome is ultimately in our favor, our costs associated with such litigation may be material. Adverse outcomes in future legal proceedings or the costs and expenses associated therewith could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may be required to pay substantial damages as a result of product liability claims for which insurance coverage is not available.

We are subject to product liability claims with respect to our products, and as additional products integrating our traits reach commercialization, product liability claims may increasingly be a commercial risk for our business. Product liability claims against us or our collaborators selling products that contain our traits, or allegations of product liability relating to seeds containing traits developed by us, could damage our reputation, harm our relationships with our collaborators, and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. Furthermore, while our collaboration agreements typically require that our collaborators indemnify us for the cost of product liability claims brought against us as a result of our collaborator’s misconduct, such indemnification provisions may not always be enforced, and we may receive no indemnification if our own misconduct contributed to the claims.

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As a result of being a public company, we are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting. We may not complete our analysis of our internal control over financial reporting in a timely manner, or these internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

Pursuant to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“the Act”) and the related rules adopted by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, starting with the second annual report that we filed with the SEC after the consummation of our public offering, our management is required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Section 404(b) of the Act requires that our independent registered public accounting firm will also need to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting if we qualify as an accelerated filer or a large accelerated filer.

We are continuously improving our internal control environment. As a result, we may experience higher than anticipated operating expenses, as well as higher auditor fees during and after the implementation of these changes. If we are unable to implement any of the required changes to our internal control over financial reporting effectively or efficiently or are required to do so earlier than anticipated, it could adversely affect our operations, financial reporting, and results of operations and could result in an adverse opinion on internal controls from our independent registered public accounting firm.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its NOLs to offset future taxable income. A significant portion of our existing NOLs are limited due to an ownership change under IRC Section 382 that we experienced as a result of the common shares issued in connection with the January 2021 and December 2020 Offering. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. If we undergo an ownership change in the future, our ability to utilize NOLs could be further limited by Section 382 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. There is also a risk that, due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. For these reasons, we may not be able to realize a tax benefit from the use of our NOLs, whether or not we obtain profitability.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. As of December 31, 2022, there were 616,079 shares of our common stock outstanding, of which approximately 587,028 shares were held by non-affiliates. All of our common stock is freely transferable, except shares held by our “affiliates,” as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

We may also issue common stock or options to purchase shares of our common stock that under our 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan and our 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Securities issued under these plans will be registered under a Form S-8 and are freely tradable upon issuance. There were 22,456 options exercisable as of December 31, 2022 at a weighted-average exercise price of $215.20.

Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our common stock since our initial public offering has been and may continue to be volatile. Since shares of our common stock were sold in our initial public offering in May 2015 at a price of $6,400.00 per share, our stock price has ranged from $10.48 to $6,984.00, through December 31, 2022. The market price of our

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common stock is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various risk factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance, including:

Further, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In addition, the stock prices of many seed and agricultural biotechnology companies have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes, or international currency fluctuations, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. If the market price of our common stock fluctuates or declines, you may not realize any return on your investment and may lose some or all of your investment.

We expect our operating results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter, which may cause our stock price to fluctuate widely.

We expect our quarterly operating results to fluctuate widely and unpredictably for the following reasons, among others:

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Any unanticipated change in revenues or operating results is likely to cause our stock price to fluctuate since such changes reflect new information available to investors and analysts.

Because we do not expect to pay any dividends for the foreseeable future, investors may be forced to sell their stock to realize a return on their investment.

We do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends to holders of our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions including compliance with covenants under our debt agreements, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends might be restricted by the terms of any indebtedness that we incur in the future. In addition, certain of our current outstanding debt agreements prohibit us from paying cash dividends on our common stock. Consequently, you should not rely on dividends to receive a return on your investment.

Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq could result in a delisting of our common stock, which could negatively impact the market price and liquidity of our common shares and our ability to access the capital markets.
 

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market ("Nasdaq"), such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would have a negative effect on the price of our common stock, impair the ability to sell or purchase our common stock when persons wish to do so, and any delisting materially adversely affect our ability to raise capital or pursue strategic restructuring, refinancing or other transactions on acceptable terms, or at all. Delisting from The Nasdaq Capital Market could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

On September 27, 2022, we received a notice from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq informing us that because the closing bid price of our common stock had been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days, we no longer complied with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share, and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. The notice had no immediate effect on the listing or the trading of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the notice letter stated that we had an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until March 27, 2023, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days during the 180 calendar day grace period.

On March 15, 2023, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq notifying us that as a result of the closing bid price of our common stock having been at $1.00 per share or greater for at least ten consecutive business days, we had regained compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq’s Marketplace Rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market, and the matter was now closed.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas with additional office space in Davis, California and additional facilities in American Falls, Idaho. We believe that our leased facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that, if needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We currently are not a party to any material litigation or other material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol “RKDA” since May 15, 2015. Prior to May 15, 2015, there was no public trading for our common stock.

Holders of Record

As of March 23, 2023, we had 40 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of beneficial stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay cash dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

See Part III, Item 12, for a description of securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Information concerning our sales of unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2022, has previously been reported in Current Reports on Form 8-K that we filed during that year.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included herein. In addition to historical financial information, this report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

"Arcadia Biosciences,” “GoodWheat,” “GoodHemp,” “Zola coconut water,” “Soul Spring,” “ProVault” and “Saavy Naturals” are our registered trademarks in the United States and, in some cases, in certain other countries. This report may also contain trademarks, service marks, and trade names of other companies. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this report may appear without the ®, TM, or SM symbols, but such references do not constitute a waiver of any rights that might be associated with the respective trademarks, service marks, or trade names.

Overview

We are a producer and marketer of innovative, plant-based food and beverage products. Our history as a leader in science-based approaches to developing high value crop improvements, primarily in wheat, designed to enhance farm economics by improving the performance of crops in the field, as well as their value as food ingredients, has laid the foundation for our path forward. We have used non-genetically modified advanced breeding techniques to develop these proprietary innovations which we are now commercializing through the sales of seed and grain, food ingredients and products, trait licensing and royalty agreements. The acquisition of the assets of Live Zola, LLC ("Zola") added coconut water to our portfolio of products.

Our commercial strategy is to satisfy consumer nutrition demands with the superior functional benefits our crops deliver directly from the farm, enabling us to share premium economics throughout the ag-food supply chain and to build a world-class estate of high value traits and varieties. The acquisition of the Zola brand allows us to broaden our reach within the beverage sector.

Components of Our Statements of Operations Data

Revenues

The Company derives its revenues from product sales, licensing agreements and royalty fees.

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Product revenues

Product revenues consist primarily of sales of Arcadia Wellness products, GoodWheat grain and pasta, and GLA products. We recognize revenue from product sales when control of the product is transferred to third-party distributors and manufacturers, collectively “our customers,” which generally occurs upon delivery. Revenues fluctuate depending on the timing of shipments of product to our customers and are reported net of estimated chargebacks, returns and losses.

License revenues

License revenues consist of up-front, nonrefundable license fees, annual license fees, and subsequent milestone payments that we receive under our license agreements. Revenue generated from up-front license fees are recognized upon execution of the agreement. We recognize annual license fees when it is probable that a material reversal will not occur.

Milestone fees are variable consideration that is initially constrained and recognized only when it is probable that such amounts would not be reversed. The Company assesses when achievement of milestones are probable in order to determine the timing of revenue recognition for milestone fees. Milestones typically represent significant stages of development for our traits in a potential commercial product, such as achievement of specific technological targets, completion of field trials, filing with regulatory agencies, completion of the regulatory process, and commercial launch of a product containing our traits. Given the seasonality of agriculture and time required to progress from one milestone to the next, achievement of milestones is inherently uneven, and license revenues are likely to fluctuate significantly from period to period.

Royalty revenues

Royalty revenues consist of amounts earned from the sale of commercial products that incorporate the Company's traits by third parties. Royalty revenues consist of a minimum annual royalty, offset by amounts earned from the sale of products. The Company recognizes the minimum annual royalty on a straight-line basis over the year, and the Company recognizes royalty revenue resulting from the sale of products when the third parties transfer control of the product to their customers, which generally occurs upon shipment. Royalty revenues can fluctuate depending on the timing of shipments of product by the third parties to their customers.

Operating Expenses

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues relates to the sale of Arcadia Wellness, GoodWheat, and GLA products and consists of the cost of raw materials, including internal and third-party services costs related to procuring, processing, formulating, packaging and shipping our products, as well as in-licensing and royalty fees, any adjustments or write-downs to inventory or prepaid production costs.

Research and development expenses ("R&D")

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in the development and testing of the Company's products and other products in development incorporating the Company's traits. These expenses currently consist primarily of fees paid to product formulation consultants and are expensed as incurred. Additionally, the Company is required from time to time to make certain milestone payments in connection with the development of technologies in-licensed from third parties. The Company's research and development expenses may fluctuate from period to period.

Gain on sale of Verdeca

The gain on sale of Verdeca is the gain recognized for the sale our membership interests in the Verdeca joint venture to our partner Bioceres in November 2020.

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Loss on sale of Arcadia Spain

The loss on sale of Arcadia Spain is the loss recognized for the sale of the assets of our subsidiary Arcadia Spain. See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Impairment of intangible assets

Impairments of intangible assets are recorded when the fair value of intangible assets drops below its carrying amount. See Note 2 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

Impairment of goodwill

Impairments of goodwill are recorded when the fair value of the reporting unit drops below its carrying amount. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration

Change in the fair value of contingent consideration is comprised of the fair value remeasurement of the liabilities associated with our contingent consideration.

Gain on sale of property and equipment, net

Gain on sale of fixed assets includes gains from the sale of tangible assets sold above their net book value.

Impairment of property and equipment, net

Impairment of property and equipment, net includes losses from tangible assets due to impairment or recoverability test charges to write down fixed assets to their fair value or recoverability value.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs, professional service fees, broker and sales commission fees, and overhead costs. Our selling, general, and administrative expenses may fluctuate from period to period. In connection with our commercialization activities for our consumer products, we expect to increase our investments in sales and marketing, including additional consulting fees.

Interest income (expense)

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on investments. Interest expense consists primarily of contractual interest on notes payable relating to the purchase of company vehicles.

Other income, net

Other income, net, consists of realized gains on corporate securities, interest income and the amortization of investment premium and discount on our cash and cash equivalents and investments.

Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities
 

Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities is comprised of the fair value remeasurement of the liabilities associated with our financing transactions.

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Gain on extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loan
 

The PPP loan amount forgiven has been recorded as gain on extinguishment of PPP loan, as the Company has been legally released from being the primary obligor.

Issuance and offering costs

Issuance and offering costs generally include placement agent, legal, advisory, accounting and filing fees related to financing transactions.

Income tax provision

Our income tax provision has not been historically significant, as we have incurred losses since our inception. The provision for income taxes consists of state and foreign income taxes. Due to cumulative losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including but not limited to: earnings history, projected future outcomes, industry and market trends, and the nature of each of the deferred tax assets in assessing the extent to which a valuation allowance should be applied against our U.S. deferred tax assets.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

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Revenues

Product revenues accounted for 90% and 97% of our total revenues in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The $2.4 million, or 36%, increase in product revenues in 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily driven by higher sales of Zola coconut water and body care products, the brands acquired in May 2021.

License revenues accounted for 9% and 0% of our total revenues in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The $0.9 million increase in license revenues in 2022 compared to 2021 is related to the Verdeca-Bioceres licensing agreement discussed in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements.

Royalty revenues accounted for 1% and 3% of our total revenues in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The $59,000 decrease in royalty revenues in 2022 compared to 2021 represents fewer annual royalty fees earned.

Operating expenses (income)

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues increased by $1.1 million, or 13%, in 2022 compared to 2021. The increase in cost of revenues is the result of the increase in revenues as well as inventory write-downs of $2.3 million during 2022. Gross profit, calculated as total revenues less cost of revenues, was $154,000 in 2022 compared to gross loss of $1.9 million in 2021. The decrease in gross loss was primarily driven by the increase in product revenues as well as the increase in license revenue related to the Verdeca-Bioceres licensing agreement in 2022.

Research and development

Research and development expenses decreased by $2.4 million, or 61%, in 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by the Company's recent focus on commercialization, which has led to lower employee-related expenses, and related activity costs as we right-sized our research teams.

Gain on sale of Verdeca

In 2022, we recognized a gain on sale of Verdeca of $1.1 million related to the regulatory approval of the Haab 4 soybeans. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements.

Loss on sale of Arcadia Spain

In 2021, we recognized a loss of $497,000 on the sale of Arcadia Spain, our wholly owned subsidiary, which we sold to a European partner. See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Impairment of intangible assets

Impairment of intangible assets decreased by $2.9 million in 2022 compared to 2021. We recognized impairments of intangible assets of $404,000 and $3.3 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily as a result of lower margins in our wellness products due to unfavorable product mix and higher freight costs that have a significant impact in the

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near-term. A volatile economic climate and higher than normal inflation were also contributing factors, in addition to a decline in the hemp seed market forecasted sales. See Note 2 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

Impairment of goodwill

We did not recognize any impairment of goodwill in 2022. We recognized an impairment of goodwill in the amount of $1.6 million in 2021 primarily as a result of weakness in the acquired consumer product margins, combined with a volatile economic climate and higher than normal inflation.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration

Change in fair value of contingent consideration in 2022 was a decrease of $70,000 compared to a decrease of $210,000 in 2021 both due to the remeasurement of the Anawah and Industrial Seed Innovations contingent consideration liabilities. See Note 6 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements.

Gain on sale of property and equipment

In 2022, we sold property and equipment related to the Davis laboratory, Archipelago and Body Care for net proceeds exceeding book value by $314,000.

Impairment of property and equipment, net

In 2022, we recognized $530,000 of impairments of property and equipment, of which $320,000 is related to the Radiance Beauty licensing agreement. In 2021, we recognized $1.5 million of impairments of Archipelago property and equipment related to CBD processing.

Selling, General, and Administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $4.9 million, or 21%, in 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by lower salaries, lease expense and consulting fees in 2022.

Interest income (expense)

In 2022, the Company had interest income of $289,000 from investments as compared to interest expense of $20,000 in 2021.

Other income, net

Other income, net, decreased by $10.1 million, or 100%, in 2022 compared to 2021 due to $10.2 million of realized gain from the sale of corporate securities of Bioceres in June 2021. See Note 6 and Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements.

Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities

Change in the estimated fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities decreased by $5.7 million in 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease was driven by the adoption of ASU 2020-06 in January 2022, which resulted in the reclassification of common stock warrants from liability to equity, partially offset by the change in the estimated fair value of the liability classified preferred investment options issued in connection with the August 2022 RDO financing transaction.

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Gain on extinguishment of PPP loan

In 2021, we were notified by our lender that the Small Business Administration had forgiven the original PPP loan amount in full, resulting in a $1.1 million gain on the extinguishment of the PPP loan. See Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

Issuance and offering costs

In 2022, we recognized $314,000 in issuance and offering costs related to the August 2022 RDO financing transaction. In 2021, we recognized $769,000 in issuance and offering costs related to the January 2021 PIPE financing transaction.

Income tax (provision)

The income tax provision resulted in expense of $14,000 in 2022 as compared to expense of $2,000 in 2021.

Seasonality

We and our commercial partners operate in different geographies around the world and conduct field trials used for data generation, which must be conducted during the appropriate growing seasons for particular crops and markets. Often, there is only one crop-growing season per year for certain crops and markets. Similarly, climate conditions and other factors that may influence the sales of our products may vary from season to season and year to year. In particular, weather conditions, including natural disasters such as heavy rains, hurricanes, hail, floods, tornadoes, freezing conditions, drought or fire, may affect the timing and outcome of field trials, which may delay milestone payments and the commercialization of products incorporating our seed traits. In the future, sales of commercial products that incorporate our seed traits will vary based on crop growing seasons and weather patterns within particular regions. Demand for our consumer body care products tends to vary with major holidays and demand for coconut water products is generally higher in the summer months.

The level of seasonality in our business overall is difficult to evaluate at this time due to our relatively limited number of commercialized products, our expansion into new geographical markets and our introduction of new products and traits.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have funded our operations primarily with the net proceeds from our private and public offerings of our equity securities and debt, as well as proceeds from the sale of our products and payments under license agreements. Our principal use of cash is to fund our operations, which are primarily focused on commercializing our products. Our contractual obligations are primarily related to our operating leases for facilities, land and equipment. Refer to Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements for details of our leasing arrangements. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $20.6 million. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had net losses of $15.6 million and $16.1 million, respectively, and net cash used in operations of $14.0 million and $25.9 million, respectively.

Going Concern

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12-18 months from the issuance date of our 2022 financial statements, and thus raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We may seek to raise additional funds through debt or equity financings, if necessary. We may also consider entering into additional partner arrangements. Any sale of additional equity would result in dilution to our stockholders. Our incurrence of debt would result in debt service obligations, and the instruments governing our debt could provide for additional operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. If we do

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require additional funds and are not able to secure adequate additional funding, we may be forced to reduce our spending, extend payment terms with our suppliers, liquidate assets, or suspend or curtail planned product launches. Any of these actions could materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Liquidity

The following table summarizes total current assets, current liabilities and working capital for the dates indicated:

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Cash flows from operating activities

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $14.0 million. With respect to our net loss of $15.6 million, non-cash charges including $1.1 million of stock-based compensation, $884,000 of lease amortization, $2.5 million of write-downs of inventory, $530,000 of impairment of property and equipment, $314,000 of issuance and offering costs, $404,000 of impairment of intangible assets, $439,000 of depreciation, and $1.0 million adjustments in our working capital accounts were offset by $3.2 million for the change in fair value of common stock warrant and option liabilities, gain on sale of Verdeca of $1.1 million, $314,000 of net gain on disposal of property and equipment, and operating lease payments of $932,000.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $25.9 million. With respect to our net loss of $16.1 million, non-cash charges including $1.5 million of stock-based compensation, $1.3 million of lease amortization, $3.6 million of write-downs of inventory, $1.5 million of impairment of property and equipment, $769,000 of issuance and offering costs, $1.6 million of impairment of goodwill, $3.3 million of impairment of intangible assets, and $929,000 of depreciation were offset by $1.7 million adjustments in our working capital accounts, $10.2 million of realized gain on corporate securities, $8.9 million for the change in fair value of common stock warrant liabilities, $210,000 of other non-cash income from the change in fair value of contingent consideration, and $1.3 million of operating lease payments.
 

Cash flows from investing activities

Cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $1.4 million primarily consisted of $920,000 of proceeds from sales of property and equipment, $569,000 proceeds from sale of Verdeca, partially offset by $72,000 of purchases of property and equipment.

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Cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 of $16.6 million primarily consisted of $21.8 million of proceeds from sales of investments, partially offset by $4.3 million of acquisitions, and $1.0 million in purchases of property and equipment.

Cash flows from financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $4.5 million consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock relating to the August 2022 RDO financing transaction of $5.0 million gross proceeds and proceeds from the purchase of ESPP shares of $7,000, which were offset by payments of transaction costs related to the August 2022 RDO financing transaction of $488,000.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 of $21.9 million consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock relating to the January 2021 private placement financing transaction of $25.1 million of gross proceeds, capital contributions from the non-controlling interest in our joint venture of $750,000, and proceeds from the purchase of ESPP shares of $39,000, which were offset by payments of transaction costs related to the January 2021 private placement of $1.9 million and principal payments on debt of $2.1 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since our inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including the use of structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities, other than Verdeca, a joint venture sold in November 2020.

Critical Accounting Polices and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated, and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We consider our critical accounting policies and estimates to be revenue recognition, determination of the provision for income taxes, stock-based compensation, impairments of property and equipment, and net realizable value of inventory.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. See Note 2 for further detail on each of the below revenue streams.

We generally recognize product revenues once passage of title has occurred, which is generally upon delivery. Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are recorded as revenues and included in cost of revenues at the time the sale is recognized.

We have determined that, at the inception of each license agreement, there is only one deliverable for the license for access to and assistance with the development of the specified intellectual property. We recognize revenue up-front and annual license fees in full when it is deemed probable to be earned.

We recognize royalty revenue when the Company can reasonably determine the amounts earned.

We recognize revenue related to milestone payments when it is probable that such amounts would not be reversed.

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Determination of the provision for income taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Stock-based compensation

We recognize compensation expense related to the employee stock purchase plan and stock options based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant, net of estimated forfeitures. We estimate the grant date fair value, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of the stock-based awards is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective awards.

We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to equity awards of $1.1 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In determining the fair value of stock-based awards, we use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

Expected Term—The expected term is the estimated period of time outstanding for stock options granted and was estimated based on a simplified method allowed by the SEC due to insufficient historical data, and defines the term as the average of the contractual term of the options and the weighted-average vesting period for all open employee awards.

Expected Volatility—The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the Company’s shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of the stock-based awards.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the interest rate of U.S. Treasuries of comparable maturities on the date the options were granted.

Expected Dividend—We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

For stock options and other equity awards, our board of directors determine the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Stock Market on the date of grant.

In addition to the Black-Scholes assumptions, we estimate our forfeiture rate based on an analysis of our actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the adequacy of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover behavior, and other factors. The impact from any forfeiture rate adjustment would be recognized in full in the period of adjustment and if the actual number of future forfeitures differs from our estimates, we might be required to record adjustments to stock-based compensation in future periods.

Impairments of property and equipment

The Company evaluates if events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful life of property and equipment may warrant revision or that the remaining balance of these assets may not be recoverable. In evaluating for recoverability, the Company estimates the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. In the event that the balance of any asset exceeds the future undiscounted cash flow estimate, impairment is recognized based on the excess of the carrying amounts of the asset above its estimated fair value.

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Net realizable value of inventories

Inventory costs are tracked on a lot-identified basis, valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value and are included as cost of revenues when sold. We compare the cost of inventories with market value and write down inventories to net realizable value, if lower. We write down inventory when conditions indicate that the net realizable value may be less than cost due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels or other factors. Additionally, we provide reserves for excess and slow-moving inventory to its estimated net realizable value. The inventory write-downs are based upon estimates about future demand from our customers and distributors and market conditions. Future events that could significantly influence our judgment and related estimates include conditions in target markets, introduction of new products or changes to current or future competitor products.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For discussions of the adoption and potential impacts of recently issued accounting standards, refer to Note 3 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not applicable.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has an accumulated deficit, recurring net losses and net cash used in operations, and resources that will not be sufficient to meet its anticipated cash requirements, which raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by

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communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

GoodWheat Inventory Valuation – Refer to Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

GoodWheat inventories are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Management periodically evaluates the carrying value of inventories in relation to the forecasts of product demand, which takes into consideration the estimated marketability and salability of products. When quantities on hand exceed forecasted demand, regulatory changes occur, or quality specifications are not met, a write-down is recorded for such inventories. Changes in assumptions of forecasted product demand could have a significant impact on the amount of inventory valuation, and any related write-downs.

Given the significant judgments made by management in forecasting product demand, including the impact of product marketability and salability, auditing the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures over GoodWheat inventory valuation included the following, among others:

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Tempe, Arizona

March 30, 2023

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2007.

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Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share data)